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Termites are known to take pollen and regularly visit flowers,177 so are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is frequently pollinated by foraging employees, and it's perhaps the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they've passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is normally accomplished by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This lowers the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept close to the extract, they get disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those due to human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of 3 websites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites were present in the 3 websites, and 196 encounters were listed in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most severely affected feeding group. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of two parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is that the structure itself, which is constructed by the termites. Nests can be broadly divided into three main categories: subterranean (entirely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (constructed above ground, but always connected to the ground via shelter tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the ground with ground contact and are created out of ground and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of today nest in wooden structures such as logs, stumps and the dead portions of trees, as did termites millions of years back.184.
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To construct their nests, termites primarily utilize faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and dirt, used in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not many right here nests are visible, as many nests in tropical woods are situated underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are great examples go to these guys of subterranean nest builders, as they only reside inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds protect the termites' delicate bodies against desiccation, mild, pathogens and parasites, in addition to providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made from carton are especially weak, and so the inhabitants utilize counter-attack strategies against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial decay in the intestine of the termites: they use their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for as much as 2% of above ground carbon storage in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds should they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites exactly the same protection as a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds found in areas having torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion as a Homepage result of their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can provide protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand large precipitation.
For instance, Cubitermes colonies build narrow tunnels used as strong points, since the diameter of the tunnels is little enough for troops to obstruct.192 A highly protected room, known as the"queens cell", houses the queen and king and is employed as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably build the most complicated structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the largest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 ft ), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can construct nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8Â feet) wide.
The sculptured mounds sometimes have elaborate and distinctive types, like those of the compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which assembles tall, wedge-shaped mounds using the long axis oriented approximately northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase quickly during the morning when avoiding overheating from the midday sun.